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Heavenly
King
Probably
excavated in
Luoyang,
Henan Province
Tang dynasty, 618 — 906 CE
Earthenware with
three-color,
sancai, glaze
height 126 cm
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This fierce looking warrior, wearing
elaborate armor, is a tomb guardian, one of the Four Heavenly Kings,
representing the four cardinal directions. Originally this type of
figure functioned as a lokepala, a Buddhist guardian figure trampling a
bull or a demon, representing ignorance, the enemy of the Law.
National Museum of Chinese
History, Beijing
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TAOISM (a.k.a. Daoism)
Western traditions
Quotations:
"Be still like a mountain and flow like
a great river." Lao Tse
"Different Chinese philosophers,
writing probably in 5-4 centuries B.C., presented some major ideas and
a way of life that are nowadays known under the name of Taoism, the way
of correspondence between man and the tendency or the course of natural
world." Alan Watts, from his book: "Tao:
The Watercourse Way."
"We
believe in the formless and eternal Tao, and we recognize all
personified deities as being mere human constructs. We reject hatred,
intolerance, and unnecessary violence, and embrace harmony, love and
learning, as we are taught by Nature. We place our trust and our lives
in the
Tao, that we may live in peace and balance with the Universe, both in
this mortal life and beyond." - Creed of the Western
Reform
Taoist Congregation
History of Taoism:
Tao (pronounced "Dow") can be roughly
translated into English as path, or the way. It is basically
indefinable. It has to be experienced. It "refers to a power which
envelops, surrounds and flows through all things, living and
non-living. The Tao regulates natural processes and nourishes balance
in the Universe. It embodies the harmony of opposites (i.e. there would
be no love without hate, no light without dark, no male without
female.)"
The founder of Taoism is
believed by many to be Lao-Tse (604-531 BCE), a contemporary of
Confucius. (Alternate spellings: Lao Tze, Lao Tsu, Lao Tzu, Laozi,
Laotze, etc.). He was searching for a way that would avoid the constant
feudal warfare and other conflicts that disrupted society during his
lifetime. The result was his book: Tao-te-Ching (a.k.a. Daodejing).
Others believe that he is a mythical character.
Taoism started as a
combination of psychology and philosophy but evolved into a religious
faith in 440 CE when it was adopted as a state religion. At that time
Lao-Tse became popularly venerated as a deity. Taoism, along with
Buddhism and Confucianism, became one of the three great religions of
China. With the end of the Ch'ing Dynasty in 1911, state support for
Taoism ended. Much of the Taoist heritage was destroyed during the next
period of warlordism. After the Communist victory in 1949, religious
freedom was severely restricted. "The new government put monks to
manual labor, confiscated temples, and plundered treasures. Several
million monks were reduced to fewer than 50,000" by 1960. 3 During the
cultural revolution in China from 1966 to 1976, much of the remaining
Taoist heritage was destroyed. Some religious tolerance has been
restored under Deng Xiao-ping from 1982 to the present time.
Taoism currently has
about 20 million followers, and is primarily centered in Taiwan. About
30,000 Taoists live in North America; 1,720 in Canada (1991 census).
Taoism has had a significant impact on North American culture in areas
of "acupuncture, herbalism, holistic medicine, meditation and martial
arts..."
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